GMAT考试语法知识点详解（二）

　1..

　　Introduced by Italian merchants resident in London during the sixteenth century, in England life insurance remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically being ship owners, overseas merchants, or professional moneylenders.

　　A. in England life insurance remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically being

　　B. in England life insurance had remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters with their clients, who typically were

　　C. until the end of the seventeenth century life insurance in England had remained a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically

　　D. life insurance in England remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically答案 (D)

　　E. life insurance remained until the end of the seventeenth century in England a specialized contract between individual underwriters with their clients, who typically were

　　句子结构：Introduced by …, life insurance remained until … a … contract between … and…其中a contract是同位语修饰life insurance

　　考点：

　　1. 固定搭配between … and …

　　2. 时态问题：

　　以下情况用现在完成时：

　　l within/during/in/over+ the past/recent/last+时间段

　　l 出现since考虑现在完成时

　　以下情况用一般过去式：

　　l 出现original/originally, first

　　l 过去明确时间

　　l 过去段时间

　　以下情况用一般现在时

　　自然现象

　　统计数据

　　实验结论

　　客观事实

　　拓展：

　　l continue这个词，对于时态方面有一点特殊性：1)不用进行时态;2)不用两种以上的时态

　　l 现在完成时与过去时：过去时就是过去的动作，完成了;现在完成时，除了过去的动作完成了，它区别于过去时的地方就在于它强调对现在的影响。要说什么时候通用，那就是抓住本质“对现在有没有影响?”没有的话，两者都可以。 (personal comment by aeoluseros)

　　l 过去完成时表达的是过去的过去，所以需要与一个过去的时态作对比，也即如果句子里面没有特别明显表达过去的过去或者没有某个动词是过去时态，那么必不会出现过去完成时。

　　C. 同位语：同位语由unrestricted adjectival phrase而来，同位语的修饰对象：名词或名词短语或代词

　　同位结构的特征

　　a) 起修饰语的作用,一般用于修饰名词或名词短语;同位语解释的是整个名词，不是名短中某个词，故同位语不是核心词修饰。

　　b) 必须对其修饰对象具有解释力;

　　c) 位置：名词前或名词后，一般在修饰对象的后面;

　　d) 不影响主谓一致(谓语应该和主语保持一致，而不是和同位语);

　　e) 同位结构中名词的数可以和其修饰对象的数不一致。

　　同位结构的形式

　　1) 名词性同位语：名词解释名词。(以下三种，第二个n.后可以跟修饰词)

　　i. N., n.;

　　ii. n., a/an + n.或a/an + n., n.;

　　iii. the + n., n.(前面的the + n 为同位结构)

　　2) 内容具体化同位结构：抽象名词(theory/evidence/belief/principle)+that 从句，that从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释(注意与of 结构的区别)，that从句部分才是同位语。(that是小品词，连词，和一般的名词性that分句中的that一样)

　　3) 概括性同位语：用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的修饰对象：短语/句子，n. + that / doing / done...

　　选项分析：

　　A.in England 位置不好，应该在修饰对象life insurance后面以使introduced修饰life insurance更为清晰;being多余

　　B.in England 位置不好，应该在修饰对象life insurance后面以使introduced修饰life insurance更为清晰;between … with搭配错误;who typically were多余

　　C.时间状语until the end of the seventeenth century位置不好，应放到动词remained后面以使introduced修饰life insurance更为清晰，也使得与其修饰对象remained更加接近。

　　D. Correct;remain如果像在B,C中用了过去完成时语法上并没有错，只是句意就imply了“life insurance在17世纪末以后就变了”，而如果是一般过去时，则有可能18世纪初了英国的寿险可能还是那样子，因为这个改变不是必须的，所以不一定要过去完成时。

　　E. between … with搭配错误;in England没有紧靠其修饰的名词life insurance;who typically were多余

　　补充说明：

　　in the last century与in last century的区别：

　　参见例题大全242：

　　242. Despite the recent election of a woman to the office of prime minister, the status of women in Pakistan is little changed from how it was in the last century.

　　(A) is little changed from how it was

　　(B) is a little change from how it was

　　(C) has changed little

　　(D) has changed little from how it has been

　　(E) is little changed from the way it was

　　Key: C. last 此处意思为"最近的"而不是"上一个",否则就不必用the，因此要用现在完成时。

　　如：

　　Did you see the game on TV last night? 昨天晚上

　　Interest in golf has grown rapidly in the last ten years. 最近十年


　　2..

　　The widely accepted big-bang theory holds that the universe began in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.

　　A. that the universe began in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and has been expanding

　　B. that the universe had begun in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and had been expanding

　　C. that the beginning of the universe was an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago that has expanded

　　D. the beginning of the universe to have been an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago that is expanding (A)

　　E. the universe to have begun in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and has been expanding

　　句子结构： The … theory holds that the universe began in … and has been…

　　考点：

　　1. 主系表结构中表语是对主语的描述、说明，因此要搭配合理。

　　2. 描述自然现象、统计数据、实验结论、客观事实的时候用一般现在时

　　同样需要注意的是在描述法律规定的时候定语从句要用Ving形式

　　选项分析：

　　A.Correct;10 to 20 billion years ago做定语修饰instant

　　B.Had began时态错误，begin是即时动词不能用完成时态，而且只是描述过去某个时间点的事件，不需要用完成时;第二个had应该改为has，因为至今仍在扩大，应该用现在时态

　　C.the beginning of the universe was an instant主语和表语搭配错误;was应该改为is;that has expanded修饰instant错误

　　D. the beginning of the universe was的表达wordy;hold … to have been表达不如宾语从句直接，而且wordy，只有knowned to have done这种不得已的时候才用这样的结构;that is expanding将原句中并列的句子改为从句，改变了原句意思;is expanding时态错误，应用现在完成进行时与ever since搭配

　　E. had been expanding与holds并列错误，begin逻辑上应该与expand并列;hold…to have begun的表达不如宾语从句直接

　　OG12-8的解释：

　　Logical predication; Verb form

　　The sentence describes the central tenet of a theory about how the universe began. The focus of the second clause should be consistently on the subject the universe, and all verbs in the clause beginning with that must describe what the universe did at the initial explosive moment.

　　A. Correct. Both verbs in the second clause correctly take universe as their subject.

　　B. Had begun is the wrong tense because it describes action that occurred farther in the past than some other, specifi ed past action.

　　C. The relative clause that has expanded describes instant, which makes no sense.

　　D. The beginning of the universe to have been … is unnecessarily indirect and wordy; illogically suggests that beginning is expanding, not the universe.

　　E. The verb phrases to have begun and has been expanding both reference the same subject of the clause, universe, and therefore need to be parallel.

　　下划线的两个句子并不矛盾，因为that从句前面的beginning be an instant是主系表结构，所以that从句describe的是instant和beginning.