在托福阅读中会出现一些单词拼写很类似的词汇,同学们常常会弄混,下面是在新托福阅读考试中考生们常常出错的36组词汇,大家要仔细辨认哦！

1) quite 相当 quiet 安静地

2) affect v 影响, 假装 effect n 结果, 影响

3) adapt 适应 adopt 采用 adept 内行

4) angel 天使 angle 角度

5) dairy 牛奶厂 diary 日记

6) contend 奋斗, 斗争 content 内容, 满足的 context 上下文 contest 竞争, 比赛

7) principal 校长, 主要的 principle 原则

8) implicit 含蓄的 explicit 明白的

9) dessert 甜食 desert 沙漠 v 放弃 dissert 写论文

10) pat 轻拍 tap 轻打 slap 掌击 rap 敲,打

11) decent 正经的 descent n 向下, 血统 descend v 向下

12) sweet 甜的 sweat 汗水

13) later 后来 latter 后者 latest 最近的 lately adv 最近

14) costume 服装 custom 习惯

15) extensive 广泛的 intensive 深刻的

16) aural 耳的 oral 口头的

17) abroad 国外 aboard 上(船,飞机)

18) altar 祭坛 alter 改变

19) assent 同意 ascent 上升 accent 口音

20) champion 冠军 champagne 香槟酒 campaign 战役

1 副词与形容词的功能区别：形容词修饰名词;副词修饰除名词以外的所有词性及句子成分

[例1] the ordeal of the cherokee indians, who were forcible moved from their homeland in the 1830*s, is remembered as the *tears*. (91.10)

[答案] b 修饰动词moved应用副词forcibly。

[例2] although the united states experienced rapidly growth in the first half of the nincieenth century, it was still predominately concerned with agriculture and forestry. (93.10)

[答案] a 修饰名词growth应用形容词rapid,而不用副词rapidly。 此题是toeel常考类型题。请注意以- ly后缀构成的副词通常是命题焦点。

2. 否定词not与形容词no的区别

解题要点： 区分副词not和形容词no的命题是toeel常考的题型,主要分布在structure (1-15题)中。当not或no出现在选择答案中,应首先判断它所修饰的中心词的词性以决定选哪一个否定词。

全真例分析

(1) since alaska attained statehood in 1959------- single party has dominated politics there.

(a) none

(b) no

(c) not

(d) never (94.1)

[答案] b 修饰中心名词party应用形容词no,而非副词not。

(2) ------- social crusade aroused elizabeth williams enthusiasm more than the expansion of the united states.

(a) no

(b) nothing

(c) not

(d) none (91.10)

[答案] 修饰主语名词crusade 应用形容词no. 而非副词not。

(3) ------- all rainwater falling from a cloud reaches the ground, some of it is lost through evaporation.

(a) nowhere

(b) not

(c) no

(d) none (91.8)

[答案] b 修饰形容词all应用否定副词not。not all (不是所有的)是固定短语搭配,表示的是部分否定,not all = sosme。

(4) the mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ------- clearly understood.

(a) none

(b) no

(c) not

(d) nor (90.5)

[答案] c 否定系词is,应用副词not。

(5) not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the united states until 1933. when frances perkins became secretary of labor. (89.1)

[答案] a not 改为no.

词汇题是考察同学们对文中某一单词或词组含义的题目,涉及一词多义、近义辨析、联系上下文语境推测词语含义等。它的一般问法是：the word/phrase xxx is closest in meaning to____.

解题技巧为：

(1)首先看是否认识给定的单词, 如果认识, 在选项中找同义或近义词即可, 并代入原文检验,看看是否正确。

(2)如果不认识,将4个选项分别代入原文, 看上下文意思能否讲得通。

(3)看原词所在句子前后两句话, 从语境中找重复对应,即可选出答案。

(4)如果选项中有两个选项都在上下文中意思合理,那么选择在含义上与原词沾边的词。

(5)选项中不认识的词不要轻易去选。

做题顺序一般是：看单词,看选项,代入原文验证。

注意：

(1)选项中一般不可能所有单词都认识；

(2)注意熟词僻义, 一定看完所有选项,并代回原文验证。

根据词形构造来猜测词义

遇到生词时,要学会根据语境、常识或者相关的构词法来猜测词义。根据构词法的相关知识,就可以解决一些生词。

举个例子来说,more recently, scientists have documented an alarmingly high occurrence of frogs with malformations.

在这个句子中,生词无疑就是malformations。让我们来看看它是由什么构成的。form是词根, formation“形式”,mal-:构词前缀,可表示“坏、恶、不良”,还可表示“不、不正常、不当、非法。”malformation的意思就应该是“畸形。”更多的例子如：malnutrition: 营养不良；malconduct:（公职人员的）胡作非为；maladjustive: 引起失调的；不利调节的。

根据对比关系来猜测词义

对比关系通常是作者对于a、b两事物进行比较,进而得出论点的一种论证手段。

在一个句子或段落中,有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述,我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。 例如:unlike her gregarious sister, jane is a shy, unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends. gregarious, 对许多人来说可能是个生词,但是句中单词unlike可以提示我们gregarious和后面的词unsociable person是对比关系。分析出这种关系后,我们便能猜出意为gregarious是“爱交际的”。

托福阅读中易被忽略的词汇

toefl阅读中有一些关键词汇,但是极容易在备考过程中被大家所忽略。因为它们看似简单,但它们确实在文章中起着重要的作用。将这类词汇做一小结：

1）似曾相识,但是又不清楚它的确切含义；

2）一词多义考察,只知其一不知其二；

3）熟词僻意考察,熟的含义极为熟悉,但是却不知生僻含义。

对于这三类单词,相信大多数考生都有过类似的做题经验。要注意这些平时看来不显眼的词汇,练习时将它们汇总起来,经常翻阅并加以复习巩固,可以有效弥补这方面的不足。

　　perspective 透视画法;观点,方法;前景,远景

prospect 前景,景色;前途;勘探,寻找

appreciate 理解,认识,意识到;欣赏;感激

elaborate v. &adj. 精心制作,详细描述;精心制作的

address v.从事,忙于;n. 演讲

appropriate v. 拨给(资金), 盗用/ adj.合适的

strain n. 血统,品系,菌株;紧张,张力;v.扭伤,拉紧

article n. 物品,商品

intrigue v. &n 激发兴趣;密谋;阴谋

intriguing adj. 激发兴趣的

assume v. 承担,担任;假装;假设

bark n. 树皮; 犬吠

bill n.议案,法案; .鸟嘴;账单

champion vt. 支持,拥护;n.冠军

aging n.老化,陈酿

complex n. 综合体 adj.复杂的

concern n. 公司(垄断组织“康采恩”就是它的音译)

attribute v. &n 归因于;特征,属性

default n. &v. 不履行;违约;拖欠;默认(值)

drill vt. 钻(孔);训练,操练

exploit v. 开发,利用n. 功绩

fair n. 集市,交易会;adj.公平的,美丽的 adv.公平地,直接地

fairly adv. 相当地,公平地

game n. 猎物,野味;

fashion vt. 形成,塑造 n.时尚,方式

inviting adj. 引人注目的,吸引人的

alternate v. &adj. 交替,轮流; 交替的

alternating adj.交互的,交替的

alternative n. &adj. 可供选择的方案(option);

选择性的(optional)

一. and 并列关系 (and)

in　addition // and // similarly // likewise // as　well　as // besides // furthermore // also // moreover // too// not　only　...　but // even // besides　this／that

二.sequence　顺序 (then)

出现的时候表示列举

first// initially // second　etc. // to　begin　with // then // next // earlier／later // following　this／that // afterwards

三 consequence　结果 (so)

前面是后面的结果 // 也就是这些词后面就开始给出结论了。

as　a　result// thus // so // therefore // consequently // it　follows　that // thereby // eventually // tn　that　case // admittedly

四.contrast转折 (but )

表对前面论述的转折 // 一般后面才是作者观点

however// on　the　other　hand // despite // in　spite　of //

though // although // but // on　the　contrary

otherwise// yet // instead　of // rather // whereas // nonetheless // in　contrast

五.certainty　确定 (of course)

强烈的确定 // 后面是作者的坚定论点

obviously// certainly // plainly // of　course // undoubtedly

六.condition　条件/ 因为 (if )

后面跟随着某种情况发生的前提或者是条件。

if // unless // whether // provided　that // // given that // for // so　that // whether // depending on

七.time　时间 (when )

before　// since // as // until // meanwhile // at　the　moment // when // whenever // as　soon　as // just　as

八.summary　总结 (in a word)

作者的最后总结

in　conclusion　// in　summary // lastly // finally // to　sum　up // to　conclude // to　recapitulate 重述 // in　short // in a word

九.example举例 (for example)

for　example // for　instance // just　as // in　particular // such　as // namely 也就是

十.reason原因 ( because)

since // as　// so // because　(of) // due　to // owing　to // the　reason　why // in　other　words　// leads　to // cause

enroll to one = combine

complement = supplement = add to

substitute = replace

so far = until present = up to now

rooted in = based on

make their way = travel

vulnerable--open to break—open to attack -- weak --susceptible

perishable 容易腐烂的= easy to spoil

seething 沸腾的 --- overflowing/excited/active

float = stay on the top

be consistent with = be compatible with

property 财产,特征 = characteristic = attribute (名词意为“特征,属性”)

simulated ---- artificial

sort --- type -- kind

staggering摇晃的; 犹豫的; 压倒的(多数) =overwhelming

string线, 绳子; 一行, 一系列 =series

swell -- enlargement --- expand

tract- area – terrain

symmetric 对称的,均衡的 --- balance

taper 逐渐变小 --- diminish --- 收缩

tenet --- principle/belief

turn = change

vast - immense - extensive

with the ordinary citizens pocketbook = affordable

advent = arrival

affair = matter

chronic --- constant – confirmed 慢性的；证实的

consequence = result/importance

counter = oppose

countervail 补偿,抵消; 对抗 = compensate/oppose

distinction = differentiation/excellence/honor

distribution = dispersion = dispersal

embed = implant

euphoric = extremely happy

flake = fragment

hinder 阻碍,打扰= interfere with

ladings 船货= cargos shipment

mandatory = required, obligatory

mundane 世俗的,平凡的= ordinary

prerequisite = something required (something needed to happen)

rather = instead 相反地/ in some degree在tain

sank (sink的过去式)= descended; dropped to the bottom

scant = minimum

sited = located

sophisticated = refined /elaborated /complex

ubiquitous 到处存在的 = common

unanimity = total agreement

spectator = viewer

sporadic = intermittent /irregular

stylus 铁笔,针状物 = pen

unconceivable = unimaginable

uniformly = evenly/ without variation/consistently

unique = sole/ distinct

warranted = authorized 授权的/justified

assume=take on 呈现/ suppose, posit 假设

foster=promote,encourage

plumage羽毛=feather

composition作文,成分,混合物＝mixture

relatively＝comparatively

substitute=replacement

premise= assumption

within= inside

have nothing to do = in no relation to

vigorous= strong

scope=extent

extraordinary非凡的,特别的= exceptional 异常的,例外的

uneasy心神不安的,不稳定的=unstable

bulk大小,体积,大多数=major

speed 加速 ＝ increase the rate of

spread=distribute 散布,分布

endeavor 努力= enterprise 进取心,干事业

proximity 接近= nearness

rotate=turn 转动,旋转

assertion主张,断言 = strongly statement

evidence = proof

preeminent卓越的 =foremost 最重要的

barrier障碍物=obstacle

primitive = early

sort = type

rudiment=basic

intact未被碰过的=unaffected

prize珍视 = value

lucrative 有利可图的= profitable

ineffectively=with out any result

misleading =inaccuracy

architecture =structure 结构,建筑物

accomplished完成的,熟练的=skilled,

embedded内含的,嵌入的=enclosed 被附上的

collaboration协作=joint effects

identical=the same

allow=enable

dispersal 分散,散布= distribution

hampering妨碍,牵制 = restricting

cherished珍爱的=valuable

precision = accuracy

broadly = extensively

yearly = annual

tracking = following

tolerant = endure

rather than = instead of

transformation = conversion

sample=example

crawl爬行=move

hobby业余爱好 = pastime 消遣,娱乐

inherent in = characteristic of

recharge再充电=refill再装满

devise设计,发明=create

attest to证明--confirm,

replicas复制品--copies,

extant 现存的=not extinct

be closer resemblance to=. be more like

indicate =demonstrate

thrive=flourish

fluctuating=changing

mirror反映=reflect

procure获得=obtain

paradoxically=seemingly contradictory

counsel劝告,忠告=advice.

mock嘲弄,模仿 = pretend

spectacular引人入胜的 = impressive 印象深刻的

mimic模仿,仿制品=copy

routinely = commonly

actually = in fact = virtually

revolutionize = dramatic change

initially = originally

source = origin

diversity多样性=variety

depict=portray

disassemble分解=break

archive档案 = record

attribute 属性,特征= characteristic

avid渴望的,热心的 = enthusiastic

basic = fundamental

collision = hit each other

copious 丰富的= plentiful

delight = pleasure

disintegrate分解 = tear apart

diverse = distinct

dual = double

eager = enthusiastic

endeavor = enterprise

erect矗立,建立 = build

expediency便利 = advantage

fashioned out of = made from

immigration = movement

infrastructure 基础设施= foundation

locale 场所= place

mean平均值；卑贱的；吝啬的 = average

myriad = innumerable == innumerous

peak = maximum

rate估价,鉴定等级= classify分类,分等

save for 除。。。之外= except for

seize抓住 = take

tie = relation

volume = quantity

wholly = completely

within the ordinary citizens pocket book = affordable

ally with 与。。。结盟--link to

aware of=familiar with

bulk=great quantity =majority

ferry摆渡,渡运==transport

hint暗示,提示 = indication

implausible=unbelievable

launch---start

of legitimacy=lawful

of likelihood = probable

minute=tiny

misconception=wrong idea

offset抵消,弥补=balance

omit遗漏= exclude

onset=beginning

表示态度的几对词

证实：verify, prove, substantiate, corroborate, confirm

反驳：refute, disprove, controvert, contradict

支持(认可): endorse, support, encourage, reinforce, countenance, approve

反对(抗议)：oppose, demur, deprecate, quibble, defy

肯定, 断言：aver, assert, affirm, proclaim

否定：deny, gainsay, repudiate, disclaim, negate

批评和表扬分别见词汇归类七、八

一、小心谨慎 adj.

wary

cautious

discreet

leery

prudent

meticulous

punctilious

chary

二、仓促,草率 adj.

hasty

premature

cursory

perfunctory

slipshod

facile

鲁莽

daredevil

rash

impetuous

reckless

temerity(n.)

三、基本的,重要的 adj.

essential

cardinal

fundamental

radical

significant

primary

important

key

crucial

momentous

vital

四、自负、傲慢 adj.

自负

arrogant

presumptuous

overweening

pompous

consequential

self-conceited

pretentious

smug

hubris n.

傲慢

haughty

contemptuous

supercilious

五、阻碍 v.

retard

check

hinder

impede

arrest

balk

obstruct

stymie

stem

stunt

cumber

forestall

六、缺乏,不足 adj.

devoid

scarce

scanty

insufficient

lack

deficient

inadequate

meager

dearth

七、批评、谴责 v.

denounce

condemn

reprehend

rail

censure

upbraid

chastise

vituperate

blame

scold

castigate

reprimand

reprove

rebuke

chide

reproach

opprobrium

impugn

八、表扬,赞扬 v.

commend

extol

exalt

acclaim

laud

eulogize

accolade

applaud

glorify

celebrate

九、贬低、诋毁 v.

detract

belittle

derogate

demean

disparage

depreciate

十、节俭、吝啬 adj.

frugal

thrifty

husbandly

parsimonious

stingy

spare

miserly

penurious

niggardly

species 280次

system 274次

painting 264次

contain 162次

fossil 151次

project 138次

occur 133次

construction 111次

atmosphere 110次

range 110次

organism 103次

enroll to one = combine

complement = supplement = add to

substitute = replace

so far = until present = up to now

rooted in = based on

make their way = travel

staggering摇晃的; 犹豫的; 压倒的(多数) =overwhelming

string线, 绳子; 一行, 一系列 =series

swell -- enlargement --- expand

tract- area - terrain

symmetric 对称的,均衡的 --- balance

taper 逐渐变小 --- diminish --- 收缩

tenet --- principle/belief

turn = change

vast - immense - extensive

with the ordinary citizen’s pocketbook = affordable

advent = arrival

vulnerable--open to break-open to attack -- weak --susceptible

perishable 容易腐烂的= easy to spoil

seething 沸腾的 --- overflowing/excited/active

float = stay on the top

be consistent with = be compatible with

property 财产,特征 = characteristic = attribute (名词意为"特征,属性")

simulated ---- artificial

sort --- type -- kind

affair = matter

chronic --- constant - confirmed 慢性的;证实的

consequence = result/importance

counter = oppose

countervail 补偿,抵消; 对抗 = compensate/oppose

distinction = differentiation/excellence/honor

distribution = dispersion = dispersal

embed = implant

euphoric = extremely happy

flake = fragment

hinder 阻碍,打扰= interfere with

ladings 船货= cargos shipment

mandatory = required, obligatory

mundane 世俗的,平凡的= ordinary

prerequisite = something required (something needed to happen)

rather = instead 相反地/ in some degree在tain

spectator = viewer

sporadic = intermittent /irregular

stylus 铁笔,针状物 = pen

unconceivable = unimaginable

uniformly = evenly/ without variation/consistently

unique = sole/ distinct

warranted = authorized 授权的/justified

assume=take on 呈现/ suppose, posit 假设

sank (sink的过去式)= descended; dropped to the bottom

scant = minimum

sited = located

sophisticated = refined /elaborated /complex

ubiquitous 到处存在的 = common

unanimity = total agreement

托福考试会涉及到大量的词汇,考生必须有一定的词汇积累才能在托福考试中游刃有余。不过,在大量的词汇中,有一些基础类词汇更应该注意,像这类词汇,大家不但要了解它们的拼写方式,更要清楚它们的运用方法和搭配关系。

group 1 food crops

1.abandon

2.adversely

3.aggregate

4.cultivation

5.fertilize

6.intensify

7.irrigation

8.obtain

9.photosynthesis

10.precipitation

group 2 disaster

1.anticipate

2.catastrophic

3.collide

4.eruption

5.famine

6.flood

7.impact

8.persevere

9.plunge

10.unleash

group 3 evolution and migration

1.adapt

2.diverse

3.evolve

4.feature

5.generation

6.inherent

7.migration

8.physical

9.process

10.survive

group 4 petroleum alternative

1.constraint

2.contamination

3.deplete

4.dispose of

5.elementally

6.emission

7.extinction

8.reservoir

9.shrink

10.stable