ecology 生态学

ecologist 生态学家

ecosystem 生态系统

balance (of nature) 自然界生态平衡

fauna 动物群

flora 植物群

rain forest 雨林

food chain 食物链

acid rain 酸雨

greenhouse effect 温室效应

infrared radiation 红外线辐射

ozone layer (ozonosphere) 臭氧层

ultraviolet radiation 紫外辐射

pollution 污染

pollution control 污染控制

air pollution 空气污染

water pollution 水污染

noise pollution 噪音污染

soil pollution 土壤污染

pollution-free 无污染

pollutant 污染物

noxious (toxic) 有毒的

fumes (有毒)废气

waste 废物

solid waste 固体垃圾

sewage (wastewater) 污水

sewage purification 污水净化

sewage disposal 污水处理

decibel (噪音)分贝

1 astronomer n. 天文学家

during his own tenure as astronomer royal, from 1720 to 1742, halley studiously tracked the moon.

2 astronomical a. 天文学的, 天文数字的, 庞大的

a man-made clock would certainly prove a useful accessory to astronomical reckoning but could never stand in its stead.

3 astronaut n. 太空人, 宇航员, 太空旅行者

in their most visible work, astronauts will let loose a retrievable satellite carrying a coffin-sized inflatable antenna.

4 astrology n. 占星学, 占星术

racing expert john randall phoned a friend on the ￡1million astrology question on monday.

5 observatory n. 天文台, 气象台

the accuracy of global field models depends on the worldwide network of magnetic observatories.

6 telescope n. 望远镜

details on the moon’s surface can be seen through a telescope.

7 solar system n. 太阳系

a less-contrived example involves the relation between kepler’s theory of the solar system and newton’s.

8 cosmic rays n. 宇宙射线

a stray cosmic ray might do the same thing.

9 cosmos n. (被视作和谐体系的)宇宙

among the factors that stand out in the orphic construal of a cosmos is the nature of time.

10 interstellar a. 星际的

it is possible that we have traces of interstellar dust in meteorites.

11 galaxy n. 星系

it starts at zero and eventually the galaxies are moving apart at a steady speed.

12 intergalactic a. 银河间的, 星系间的

alternatively the capsule might be drifting in the weak gravitational field of intergalactic space.

13 the milky way n. 银河系

one reason to think that the milky way had such a meal several billion years ago is its structure.

14 the big bang n. 宇宙大爆炸

the big bang theory is the belief that the universe originated as the result of a large explosion of a single mass of matter.

15 comet n. 彗星

astronomers had accidentally caught a comet in the act of turning into an asteroid.

16 asteroid n. 小行星

extraction of helium-3 from the surfaces of asteroids is not likely to compare with that from the moon.

17 satellite n. 卫星, 人造卫星

one month later a second satellite was launched into a somewhat higher orbit, of between 234 and 244 miles.

18 meteor n. 流星

from time to time earth suffers bombardment from meteors and comets, and meteoritic impact has been a major planet-shaper and climate-modeler.

19 meteorite n. 陨石

some people believe that dinosaurs were destroyed because of the effects of a gigantic meteorite.

20 revolution n. 旋转, 转数

the planet rotates in the same direction as its revolution around the sun.

21 rotation n. 旋转, 转动

it takes 243 earth days for venus to complete one rotation.

22 radiation n. 放射, 发光, 辐射

sensors detected a dangerous level of radiation.

23 constellation n. 星座, 星群

scientists have discovered a new a star in the constellation of orion.

24 cluster n. 串, 束, 群 v. 使成群, 聚集

most galaxies are found in clusters rather than in isolation.

25 lunar a. 月球的, 有关月球的

the first lunar module is now on display at the smithsonian air and space museum in washington.

26 eclipse n. (日,月)蚀

no solar eclipses will be visible from the united states in 1996, and only two will be visible from earth.

27 velocity n. 速度, 迅速, 速率

in addition, there is no difference in velocity between movements which are long and those which are short.

28 terrestrial a. 地球的, 陆地的, 地球上的

a statistical analysis based on this data suggests that well over half the stars are being orbited by rocky terrestrial material.

29 corona n. 日冕, 冠状物

corona is a circle of coloured light that can sometimes be seen around the moon at night.

30 planetary a. 行星的

the book lists all predictable astronomical phenomena for the coming year, such as planetary, lunar, and eclipse data.

31 exploration n. 考察, 勘探, 探查

further exploration and appraisal drilling will be necessary to confirm the commercial potential for this discovery.

32hypothesis n. 假说, 假设, 前提, 猜测

our hypothesis is that the dolphins ate contaminated fish, and this affected the dolphins’ immune system.

33 supernova n. 超新星

another theory suggests that a supernova explosion occurred, destroying the companion sun and scattering its material toward our sun.

34 collision n. 碰撞, 冲突

these airbags are designed to protect car drivers in head-on collisions.

35 assume v. 假定, 假设

we cannot assume the suspects to be guilty simply because they have decided to remain silent.

36 nova n. 新星

apparently a nova is a close binary system, made up of a cool, normal star and a white dwarf.

37 light year n. 光年

the japanese company is light years ahead of its european competitors.

38 gravitation n. 万有引力

newton worried about that when his theory of gravitation required apparently instantaneous interaction between two distant objects.

39 nebula n. 星云

according to present-day ideas, a star begins its career by condensing out of a cloud of dust and gas known as a nebula.

higher education高等教育

moral character道德品质

domain领域

faculty全体教员

alumni男校友

treasurer生活委员/财务大臣

elective system选课制度

curriculum课程(总称)

discipline学科/管理

learn by rote死记硬背

托福“词以类记”之经济

toll

precious

prosperous

prosperity

rich

rare

asset

fortune

opulence

finance

economic

indigent

depression

penury

bidding

drawback

exponent

lease

redress

compensation

deficit

levy

ration

rebate

merchandise

commerce

enterprise

currency

inventory

quota

tariff

inflation

deal

yen

cause

consume

disburse

acting

inertia

discount

audit

shipment

surplus

residue

account

bankruptcy

savings

collateral

bill

check

coin

depreciate

merge

reimburse

garner

underestimate

exchange

assess

consolidate

loan

refund

utility

selection

option

economics

output

goods

opportunity

benefit

contract

lottery

transaction

budget

patronage

choose

choice

barter

purchase

deposit

commission

ransom

toll

charge

bond

custom

bonus

interest

means

debt

fund

revenue

托福考试词汇之农业篇：

agriculture 农业

agriculture (farming) 农业

agricultural 农业的

land (soil) 土壤;土地

soil conservation 土壤保护

soil erosion 泥土流失

silt 粉砂,泥沙

clay 黏土,湿土

clod 土块

agrarian 土地的,农业的

pilot (experimental ) 试验性的

harrow( rake) 耙,耙土

ridge 田埂

furrow 犁沟

plot ( patch )小块地

ranch 农场,牧场

plantation 种植园

orchard 果园

nursery 苗圃

seedbed 苗床

sickle 镰刀

spade 铲,锹

shovel ( 平头 ) 铲

pick 稿

tractor 拖拉机

oats 燕麦

rye 黑麦

millet 粟,小米

vegetable 蔬菜

horticulture 园艺学

hydroponics 水栽法,营养液栽培法

greenhouse(glasshouse, hotbed) 温室

cabbage 洋白菜

lettuce 生菜

mustard 芥菜

spinach 菠菜

cultivate (till) 耕作

sow(seed) 播种

harvest 收割

weed 除草

irrigate 灌溉

manure(fertilizer) 肥料

spray 喷洒(农药)

insecticide(pesticide) 杀虫剂

pest 害虫

rust 锈病

grain (cereal) 谷物,谷粒

granary(grain store) 粮仓

mill 碾,磨

wheat 小麦

corn 玉米

rice 大米

barley 大麦

sorghum 高粱

broccoli 花椰菜

cucumber 黄瓜

eggplant 茄子

pepper 辣椒

pumpkin 南瓜

tomato 西红柿

beet 甜菜

carrot 胡萝卜

radish 小红萝卜

pea 豌豆

soybean 大豆

celery 芹菜

garlic 大蒜

leek 韭菜

onion 洋葱头

potato 土豆

peanut 花生

sesame 芝麻

cotton 棉花

husbandry (animal husbandry) 畜牧业

pasture 牧场

livestock 家畜

fowl (poultry) 家禽

cattle 牛,家畜

buffalo 野牛

dairy (dairy cattle) 奶牛

dairy farm 乳牛场

hay (作饲料用)干草

haystack 干草堆

fodder (feed) 饲料

trough 饲料槽

barn(shed) 牲口槽

stable 厩,马厩

cowshed 牛棚

pigpen (hog pen, pigsty) 猪圈

sheepfold (sheep pen) 羊栏

roost (hen house) 鸡舍

fish farm 养鱼场

aquaculture 水产养殖

托福“词以类记”之考古学

archaeology考古学

archeologist考古学家

paleontology古生物学

anthropology人类学

anthropologist人类学家

pale-anthropologist古人类学家

ecologicalanthropologist生态人类学家

psychologistanthropologist心理人类学家

origin起源

originate起源于

ancestor祖先

hominid人(科)

homogeneous同一种族(种类)的

tribe部落

clan氏族

excavation/excavate(unearth)挖掘

ruin遗迹/废墟

remain遗迹/遗骸

artifact手工艺品relic遗物/文物

antique古物/古董

antiquity古代/古老

stoneage石器时代

bronzeage(青)铜器时代

ironage铁器时代

paleolithic旧石器时代的

mesolithic中石器时代的

neolithic新石器时代的

morphology形态学

skull颅骨

cranial颅骨的

fossil化石

ancientcivilization古代文明

dinosaur恐龙

starfish海星

caveman住在山洞里的人

culturalrelic文物

rockpainting岩画

托福“词以类记”之人物

artist 艺术家

choreographer 舞蹈编排家

critic 批评家

satirist 讽刺作家

inventor 发明家

biographer 自传作家

sculptor 雕塑家

feminist 女权主义者

humanitarian 人道主义者

imagist 意象派诗人

philanthropist 慈善家

proprietor 业主

mortal 犯人

precursor 先驱

figurehead 名誉领袖

disciple 学徒

apprentice 学徒

mechanic 机械工

minimalist 简单抽象派艺术

avant-garde 前卫派

territory 领域

genre 风格,体裁

eccentric 古怪的

odd 怪诞的,奇数的

erratic 奇怪的

weird 怪异的,不可思议的

unique 独一无二的

romantic 浪漫的

innocent 天真的,无罪的

lovelorn 相思病苦的

emotional 情绪的,情感的

sentimental 感伤的,多愁善感的

cheerless 无精打采的,无生命力的

patriarchal 家长的,族长的

rigid 僵化的

spare 简朴的

clumsy 笨拙的

nervous 紧张的

zigzag 曲折的

contemporary 当代的

acclaimed 受欢迎的

preeminent 杰出的

outstanding 杰出的

versatile ( 人 ) 多才多艺的,(物体)多功能的

household 家庭的,家喻户晓的

genuine 真正的

authentic 逼真的

symbolic 象征性的

immortal 不朽的,神

nostalgia 怀旧主义,思乡

emotive 感人的

prodigious 巨大的

classic 经典的

posthumous 死后的

托福“词以类记”之人类学

ancient 古老的

antique 古老的,古董

artifact 人工制品

civilization 文明

clan 宗族

community 社会

convention 传统

customs 风俗

dweller 居民,土著人

ethics 伦理学

folkway 社会风俗

folklore/folktale 民间传说

immigration 移民

indigenous 当地的

institutionalize 使制度化

matrimony 婚礼

metropolitan 大都市的

migration 迁徙

patriarchic 家长的,族长的

polygamous 一夫多妻的,一妻多夫的

rural 乡下的,田园的

sociology 社会学

tribe 部落

urban 城市的

urbanization 都市化

托福“词以类记”之生物学

chlorophyll 叶绿素

amino acids 氨基酸

protein 蛋白质

nitrogen 氮

photosynthetic(adj.) photosynthesis(n.) 光合作用

botany植物学

botanist 植物学家

lichen 地衣,苔藓

fungus(pl. fungi ) 菌类

algae(pl. alga) 海藻

bacterium(pl.bacteria)细菌

organism 有机物

rodent 啮齿类动物

primate 灵长类动物

mammal 哺乳类动物

reptile 爬行类动物

predator 捕食者

prey 被捕食者

acquatic 水生的

artery 动脉

vein 静脉

fingernail 指甲

scale 鳞片

claw 爪子

horn 角

nourish 滋养,供给……营养

clam 蚌

crab 虾

beaver 狸

pond 池塘

puddle 水坑

snail 蜗牛

shrimp 虾

hormone 荷尔蒙

intestine 肠

corn 谷物

squash 南瓜

bean 豆类植物

nectar花蜜

pollen花粉

hive 蜂巢

moss 苔藓

hibernate 冬眠

penguin 企鹅

reef 礁

coral 珊瑚

beak 鸟嘴

enzymes 酵母

larvae 幼虫

tadpole 蝌蚪

caterpillar 毛虫

grasshopper 蚱蜢

toad 蟾蜍

herbicide 除草剂

secretion(n.) secrete(v.) 分泌

pancreas 胰腺

odor 气味

roe 鱼卵

caviar 鱼子酱

raccoon 浣熊

gland 腺体

cricket 蟋蟀

托福“词以类记”之社会学

1. sociology 社会学 [例] sociology is the study of human social behavior, especially the study of the origins, organization, institutions, and development of human society.

2. hierarchy 层次 等级体系 [例] the government is a hierarchy.

3. sociologist 社会学家

4. marriage 结婚 婚姻 [例] my sisters marriage took place at ten oclock today.

5. phenomenon 现象

6. urban 城市的 市内的

7. rural 乡下的 田园的 [例] crops are grown in rural areas.

8. urbanization 城市化 [例] urbanization has taken place very rapidly in developing countries.

9. migration 移民 [例] scientists have studied the migration of fish over long distances in the river.

10. immigration 移居入境

11. emigration 移民出境 侨居

12. mobility 流动 [例] theres been restructuring of industry and downward mobility for americans as a whole.

13. community 社区 社会 公社 [例] government, business and community are the three pillars of our society.

14. metropolitan 首都的 主要都市的 大城市的

15. convention 传统 [例] convention dictates that a leader should resign in such a situation.

16. patriarchic 家长的 族长的 [例] our boss is too patriarchic.

17. institutionalize 使制度化或习俗化 [例] to institutionalize our scholarship discipline is imperative for all international students.

18. taboo 禁忌 禁止 [例] there is a taboo on smoking in this office.

19. ethics 伦理学

20. marital 婚姻的

21. polygamous 一夫多妻的 一妻多夫的

22. tribe 部落 部族

23. clan 部落 氏族 宗族 党派

24. connubial 婚姻的 夫妻的 配偶的

25. matrimony 婚姻

26. anathema 令人厌恶的事 受诅咒的事 [例] those terrible ideas are anathemas to me.