penal

illicit

unruly

illegitimate

default

violate

violation

infringe

bound

compulsory

oblige

obligatory

responsible

domineering

mandatory

licensed

heirship

jurisdiction

arbitration

fine

confiscate

convict

verdict

judgment

indemnity

imprisonment

invalidate

imprisonment

captivity

trial

detain

extenuate

saddle

court

bar

authorize

empower

plea

oath

pledge

plaintiff

plead

flee

defend

proscribe

forbid

abstinence

abstain

ban

veto

revise

verify

deserve

stipulate

testify

testimony

justify

substantiate

confirm

affirm

assure

evidence

follow

observe

observance

abide

accuse

accusation

complaint

impeach

indictment

incriminate

prosecute

denounce

lawsuit

query

interrogate

impunity

exempt

condone

liberate

remit

release

absolve

acquit

abolish

term

clause

bill

constitution

decree

legislate

legislation

legalize

prescribe

set

credential

standard

enact

托福“词以类记”之医学

1.microbe/bacteria/germ 细菌

2.health and well-being 健康

3.improper or unhealthy diet 不健康的饮食

4.artificial chemicals 人工化学品(添加剂)

5.poisonous 有毒的

6.taste enhancer 味觉提高剂

7.artificial sweetener 人工增甜剂

8.protein 蛋白质

9.fat 脂肪

10.mineral 矿物质

11.vitamin 维他命

12.ingredient 成分

13.vegetarian 素食主义者

14.overweight 超重

15.obesity 肥胖

16.poor dietary habit 不良饮食习惯

17.be on a diet 节食减肥

18.cut lifespan 减少寿命

19.proper nutrition 适当营养

20.maintain physical fitness 保持身体健康

21.calorie 卡路里

22.high-calorie intake 高卡路里的摄入

23.organ 器官

24.heart 心

25.liver 肝

26.lung 肺

27.kidney 肾

28.cell 细胞,蜂窝

29.nerve 神经

30.chronic illness 慢性病

31.cut the risk of suffering…(heart attack) 降低患..风险

32.cancer 癌症

33.hypertension—high blood pressure 高血压

34.heart attack 心脏病

35.diabetes 糖尿病

36.stroke 中风

37.asthma 哮喘

38.pneumonia 肺炎

39.hepatitis 肝炎

40.influenza/flu 流感

41.immune system 免疫系统

42.lower the immune response 降低免疫力

43.sleeplessness/insomnia 失眠

44.foods low in fat and high in fibre 低脂肪高纤维食物

45.cholesterol 胆固醇

46.metabolic 新陈代谢

47.renew one’s energy 恢复精力

48.physical activity 体育活动

49.blood circulation 血液循环

50.prevalence of disease 疾病的流行

托福“词以类记”之化学

chemical property 化学特性,化学性质

chemical composition ( makeup ) 化学成分

chemical agent 化学试剂

chemical reaction 化学反应

chemical change 化学变化

chemical bond 化学键

chemical apparatus 化学器械

substance (matter; material) 物质

element 元素

periodic table 周期表

hydrogen 氢

oxygen 氧

nitrogen 氮

helium 氦

carbon 碳

calcium 钙

silicon 硅

sulfur 硫

iodine 碘

compound 化合物

hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物

derivative 衍生物

alchemy 炼金术

petroleum (oil) 石油

petroleum products 石油产品

crude oil 原油

refine 提炼,精炼

gasoline 汽油

methane 甲烷

solution 溶液

dissolve 溶解

solvent 溶剂

solubility 可溶性

cohesive 聚合力

adhesive 粘合力

atom 原子

nucleus 原子核

electron 电子

neutron 中子

proton 质子

molecule 分子

particle 粒子

ion 离子

particle accelerator 粒子加速器

catalyst 催化剂

artificial 人造的

synthetic 合成的

synthetic fiber 人造纤维

polymer 聚合物

polymerization 聚合作用

plastic 塑料

dye 染料

cosmetics 化妆品

ecology 生态学

ecologist 生态学家

ecosystem 生态系统

balance (of nature) 自然界生态平衡

fauna 动物群

flora 植物群

rain forest 雨林

food chain 食物链

acid rain 酸雨

greenhouse effect 温室效应

infrared radiation 红外线辐射

ozone layer (ozonosphere) 臭氧层

ultraviolet radiation 紫外辐射

pollution 污染

pollution control 污染控制

air pollution 空气污染

water pollution 水污染

noise pollution 噪音污染

soil pollution 土壤污染

pollution-free 无污染

pollutant 污染物

noxious (toxic) 有毒的

fumes (有毒)废气

waste 废物

solid waste 固体垃圾

sewage (wastewater) 污水

sewage purification 污水净化

sewage disposal 污水处理

decibel (噪音)分贝

higher education　高等教育

moral character　道德品质

domain　领域

faculty　全体教员

alumni　男校友

treasurer　生活委员/财务大臣

elective system　选课制度

curriculum　课程(总称)

discipline　学科/管理

learn by rote　死记硬背

1 astronomer n. 天文学家

during his own tenure as astronomer royal, from 1720 to 1742, halley studiously tracked the moon.

2 astronomical a. 天文学的, 天文数字的, 庞大的

a man-made clock would certainly prove a useful accessory to astronomical reckoning but could never stand in its stead.

3 astronaut n. 太空人, 宇航员, 太空旅行者

in their most visible work, astronauts will let loose a retrievable satellite carrying a coffin-sized inflatable antenna.

4 astrology n. 占星学, 占星术

racing expert john randall phoned a friend on the ￡1million astrology question on monday.

5 observatory n. 天文台, 气象台

the accuracy of global field models depends on the worldwide network of magnetic observatories.

6 telescope n. 望远镜

details on the moon’s surface can be seen through a telescope.

7 solar system n. 太阳系

a less-contrived example involves the relation between kepler’s theory of the solar system and newton’s.

8 cosmic rays n. 宇宙射线

a stray cosmic ray might do the same thing.

9 cosmos n. (被视作和谐体系的)宇宙

among the factors that stand out in the orphic construal of a cosmos is the nature of time.

10 interstellar a. 星际的

it is possible that we have traces of interstellar dust in meteorites.

11 galaxy n. 星系

it starts at zero and eventually the galaxies are moving apart at a steady speed.

12 intergalactic a. 银河间的, 星系间的

alternatively the capsule might be drifting in the weak gravitational field of intergalactic space.

13 the milky way n. 银河系

one reason to think that the milky way had such a meal several billion years ago is its structure.

14 the big bang n. 宇宙大爆炸

the big bang theory is the belief that the universe originated as the result of a large explosion of a single mass of matter.

15 comet n. 彗星

astronomers had accidentally caught a comet in the act of turning into an asteroid.

16 asteroid n. 小行星

extraction of helium-3 from the surfaces of asteroids is not likely to compare with that from the moon.

17 satellite n. 卫星, 人造卫星

one month later a second satellite was launched into a somewhat higher orbit, of between 234 and 244 miles.

18 meteor n. 流星

from time to time earth suffers bombardment from meteors and comets, and meteoritic impact has been a major planet-shaper and climate-modeler.

19 meteorite n. 陨石

some people believe that dinosaurs were destroyed because of the effects of a gigantic meteorite.

20 revolution n. 旋转, 转数

the planet rotates in the same direction as its revolution around the sun.

21 rotation n. 旋转, 转动

it takes 243 earth days for venus to complete one rotation.

22 radiation n. 放射, 发光, 辐射

sensors detected a dangerous level of radiation.

23 constellation n. 星座, 星群

scientists have discovered a new a star in the constellation of orion.

24 cluster n. 串, 束, 群 v. 使成群, 聚集

most galaxies are found in clusters rather than in isolation.

25 lunar a. 月球的, 有关月球的

the first lunar module is now on display at the smithsonian air and space museum in washington.

26 eclipse n. (日,月)蚀

no solar eclipses will be visible from the united states in 1996, and only two will be visible from earth.

27 velocity n. 速度, 迅速, 速率

in addition, there is no difference in velocity between movements which are long and those which are short.

28 corona n. 日冕, 冠状物

corona is a circle of coloured light that can sometimes be seen around the moon at night.

29 terrestrial a. 地球的, 陆地的, 地球上的

a statistical analysis based on this data suggests that well over half the stars are being orbited by rocky terrestrial material.

30 planetary a. 行星的

the book lists all predictable astronomical phenomena for the coming year, such as planetary, lunar, and eclipse data.

31 exploration n. 考察, 勘探, 探查

further exploration and appraisal drilling will be necessary to confirm the commercial potential for this discovery.

32hypothesis n. 假说, 假设, 前提, 猜测

our hypothesis is that the dolphins ate contaminated fish, and this affected the dolphins’ immune system.

33 assume v. 假定, 假设

we cannot assume the suspects to be guilty simply because they have decided to remain silent.

34 collision n. 碰撞, 冲突

these airbags are designed to protect car drivers in head-on collisions.

35 supernova n. 超新星

another theory suggests that a supernova explosion occurred, destroying the companion sun and scattering its material toward our sun.

36 nova n. 新星

apparently a nova is a close binary system, made up of a cool, normal star and a white dwarf.

37 light year n. 光年

the japanese company is light years ahead of its european competitors.

38 gravitation n. 万有引力

newton worried about that when his theory of gravitation required apparently instantaneous interaction between two distant objects.

39 nebula n. 星云

according to present-day ideas, a star begins its career by condensing out of a cloud of dust and gas known as a nebula.

toll

precious

prosperous

prosperity

rich

rare

asset

fortune

opulence

finance

economic

indigent

depression

penury

bidding

drawback

exponent

lease

redress

compensation

deficit

levy

ration

rebate

merchandise

commerce

enterprise

currency

inventory

quota

tariff

inflation

deal

yen

cause

consume

disburse

acting

inertia

discount

audit

shipment

surplus

residue

account

bankruptcy

savings

collateral

bill

check

coin

depreciate

merge

reimburse

garner

underestimate

exchange

assess

consolidate

loan

refund

utility

selection

option

economics

output

goods

opportunity

benefit

contract

lottery

transaction

budget

patronage

choose

choice

barter

purchase

deposit

commission

ransom

toll

charge

bond

custom

bonus

interest

means

debt

fund

revenue

agriculture 农业

agriculture (farming) 农业

agricultural 农业的

land (soil) 土壤;土地

soil conservation 土壤保护

soil erosion 泥土流失

silt 粉砂,泥沙

clay 黏土,湿土

clod 土块

agrarian 土地的,农业的

pilot (experimental ) 试验性的

harrow( rake) 耙,耙土

ridge 田埂

furrow 犁沟

plot ( patch )小块地

ranch 农场,牧场

plantation 种植园

orchard 果园

nursery 苗圃

seedbed 苗床

sickle 镰刀

spade 铲,锹

shovel ( 平头 ) 铲

pick 稿

tractor 拖拉机

cultivate (till) 耕作

sow(seed) 播种

harvest 收割

weed 除草

irrigate 灌溉

manure(fertilizer) 肥料

spray 喷洒(农药)

insecticide(pesticide) 杀虫剂

pest 害虫

rust 锈病

grain (cereal) 谷物,谷粒

granary(grain store) 粮仓

mill 碾,磨

wheat 小麦

corn 玉米

rice 大米

barley 大麦

sorghum 高粱

oats 燕麦

rye 黑麦

millet 粟,小米

vegetable 蔬菜

horticulture 园艺学

hydroponics 水栽法,营养液栽培法

greenhouse(glasshouse, hotbed) 温室

cabbage 洋白菜

lettuce 生菜

mustard 芥菜

spinach 菠菜

broccoli 花椰菜

cucumber 黄瓜

eggplant 茄子

pepper 辣椒

pumpkin 南瓜

tomato 西红柿

beet 甜菜

carrot 胡萝卜

radish 小红萝卜

pea 豌豆

soybean 大豆

celery 芹菜

garlic 大蒜

leek 韭菜

onion 洋葱头

potato 土豆

peanut 花生

sesame 芝麻

cotton 棉花

husbandry (animal husbandry) 畜牧业

pasture 牧场

livestock 家畜

fowl (poultry) 家禽

cattle 牛,家畜

buffalo 野牛

dairy (dairy cattle) 奶牛

dairy farm 乳牛场

hay (作饲料用)干草

haystack 干草堆

fodder (feed) 饲料

trough 饲料槽

barn(shed) 牲口槽

stable 厩,马厩

cowshed 牛棚

pigpen (hog pen, pigsty) 猪圈

sheepfold (sheep pen) 羊栏

roost (hen house) 鸡舍

fish farm 养鱼场

aquaculture 水产养殖

archaeology　考古学

archeologist　考古学家

paleontology　古生物学

anthropology　人类学

anthropologist　人类学家

pale-anthropologist　古人类学家

ecologicalanthropologist　生态人类学家

psychologistanthropologist　心理人类学家

origin　起源

originate　起源于

ancestor　祖先

hominid人(科)

homogeneous　同一种族(种类)的

tribe　部落

clan　氏族

excavation/excavate(unearth)　挖掘

ruin　遗迹/废墟?

remain　遗迹/遗骸

artifact　手工艺品　relic　遗物/文物

antique　古物/古董

antiquity　古代/古老

stoneage　石器时代

bronzeage　(青)铜器时代

ironage　铁器时代

paleolithic　旧石器时代的

mesolithic　中石器时代的

neolithic　新石器时代的

morphology　形态学

skull　颅骨

cranial　颅骨的

fossil　化石

ancientcivilization　古代文明

dinosaur　恐龙

starfish　海星

caveman　住在山洞里的人

culturalrelic　文物

rockpainting　岩画

chlorophyll 叶绿素

amino acids 氨基酸

protein 蛋白质

nitrogen 氮

photosynthetic(adj.) photosynthesis(n.) 光合作用

botany植物学

botanist 植物学家

lichen 地衣,苔藓

fungus(pl. fungi ) 菌类

algae(pl. alga) 海藻

bacterium(pl.bacteria)　细菌

organism 有机物

rodent 啮齿类动物

primate 灵长类动物

mammal 哺乳类动物

reptile 爬行类动物

predator 捕食者

prey 被捕食者

acquatic 水生的

artery 动脉

vein 静脉

fingernail 指甲

scale 鳞片

claw 爪子

horn 角

nourish 滋养,供给……营养

clam 蚌

crab 虾

beaver 狸

pond 池塘

puddle 水坑

snail 蜗牛

shrimp 虾

hormone 荷尔蒙

intestine 肠

corn 谷物

squash 南瓜

bean 豆类植物

nectar花蜜

pollen花粉

hive 蜂巢

moss 苔藓

hibernate 冬眠

penguin 企鹅

reef 礁

coral 珊瑚

beak 鸟嘴

enzymes 酵母

larvae 幼虫

tadpole 蝌蚪

caterpillar 毛虫

grasshopper 蚱蜢

toad 蟾蜍

herbicide 除草剂

secretion(n.) secrete(v.) 分泌

pancreas 胰腺

odor 气味

roe 鱼卵

caviar 鱼子酱

raccoon 浣熊

gland 腺体

cricket 蟋蟀