meticulous-careful谨小慎微的,过分注意细节的-小心的
milestone-significant development里程碑-重大的发展
minuscule-tiny微小的-微小的
minute-tiny微小的-微小的
monopolize-dominate垄断-支配
moreover-furthermore进一步说-进一步说
myriad of-many无数的-许多的
nevertheless-however然而-然而
novel-innovative新颖的-创新的
outline-summarization概要-概述
outstanding-excellent出类拔萃的-很好的
peak-maximum顶峰-最大值
peculiar-distinctive独特的-独特的
pertinent-relevant相关的-相关的
phenomenon-event现象-事件
pick up-follow沿着-沿着
picture-imagine/describe想象,描写-想象/描写
ponder-meditate沉思-沉思
ponderous-heavy笨重的-沉重的
pore-hole孔-洞
position-location位置-位置
potential-possible潜在的-可能的
prefer-favor倾向,喜欢-喜欢
preoccupation-involvement全神贯注-全神贯注
preside over-manage掌管-掌管
prominent-prestigious卓越的-著名的
rapid-swift快速的-迅速的
rather-instead相反-相反
readily-easily容易地-容易地
realization-awareness认识到-认识到
reap-gain收获-获得
reckless-irresponsible不负责任的-不负责任的
relate-connect与…有关-与…有关
reliance-dependence依靠-依靠
remarkable-extraordinary非凡的-非凡的
托福阅读词汇精选:
disseminate-spread/impart/inform传播-散布/传播/传播
distinct-different截然不同的-不同的
distinct-obvious明显的-明显的
distinct-separate分别的,截然不同的-分离的
distinction-difference区别-差别
draw-attract吸引-吸引
embrace-welcome(欣然)接受-欢迎
embrace-recipient接受者-接受者,收件人
enable-allow使能够-允许
end-goal目的-目的
entomb-trap埋葬-使陷于…之中
eradicate-eliminate根除-清除
execute-create(按计划和设计)做成,制成-创造
expedient-makeshift权宜之计-权宜之计
exponential leaps-rapid increases几何级数般的跳跃-快速增加
expose-uncover揭露-揭露
first rank-highest quality顶级的-最高档次的
fixture-commonplace object固定设备-常规物体
flatter-compliment奉承-赞美
frame-pose给…设框-使摆好姿势
fundamental-basic基本的-基本的
glow-shine发光-发光
hard-firm坚硬的-坚硬的
hemisphere-side半球-一侧
incise-carve切割-雕刻
ingot-a block of metal金属锭-一块金属
initially-at first最初-第一
instance-case案例-案例
instantaneous-immediate立杆见影的-立即的
intervention-influence干涉-影响
inviting-attractive吸引人的-吸引人的
lament-complain about令人对…感到遗憾-抱怨
lure-attract引诱-吸引
maneuver-trick策略,花招-诡计
margin-edge边缘-边缘
surging—— to increase suddenly. used of electric current or voltage猛增=accelerating
surpass—— to be or go beyond, as in degree or quality; exceed胜过=exceed, outrun
sustain—— to keep in existence; maintain继续生存;维持=maintain
sustenance—— something, especially food, that sustains life or health营养物,尤指食物=fare food and drink; diet食物和饮料
means of livelihood生计=livelihood
supplement——something added to complete a thing, make up for a deficiency, or extend or strengthen the whole补充物,用来完成某事、补充不足、扩展或加强=extension
an addition that increases the area, influence, operation, or contents of something扩大
supreme——greatest in importance, degree, significance, character, or achievement最重要的=outstanding
succinct——characterized by clear, precise expression in few words; concise and terse简明的=concise
sufficient——being as much as is needed充足的=adequate
sumptuous——of a size or splendor suggesting great expense; lavish豪华的;花费奢侈的=luxurious
substantial——considerable in importance, value, degree, amount, or extent有重大价值的=considerable worthy of consideration; significant重要的
substitute——one that takes the place of another; a replacement代用品=replacement, in place of代替
subsidize——to assist or support with a subsidy以津贴补助=finance to supply funds to给…提供资金
subtle——so slight as to be difficult to detect or analyze; elusive纤细的,细小的=slight
submit——提出,提交=present提出;呈递
subsidy——monetary assistance granted by a government to a person orsgroupsin support of an enterprise regarded as being in the public interest补助金=financing融通资金
subject to ——在……条件下;易受……的侵袭;受控制=expose to, susceptible to
stretch——a continuous or unbroken length, area, or expanse连续不断的长度,地区或空间=span the extent or measure of space between two points or extremities, as of a bridge or roof; the breadth跨度两点或两端间的空间
strike——to engage in a strike against an employer罢工=walkout
to come to; attain来到;到达= make contact with
striking—— arresting the attention and producing a vivid impression on the sight or the mind.惹人注目的=prominent immediately noticeable; conspicuous显眼的
stringent—— imposing rigorous standards of performance; severe严格的=strict
stimulus—— something that incites or rouses to action; an incentive激发物=motivate
strain ——to pull, draw, or stretch tight拉紧=tension the act or process of stretching something tight拉紧
stationary—— not capable of being moved; fixed不能被移动的;固定的=fixed, immobile
status——position relative to that of others; standing地位=standing
sticky——shavingsthe property of adhering or sticking to a surface; adhesive粘的=adhere, cement
staple—— a basic or principal element or feature主要成分,基本成分=basic element
sommething used to preserve, especially a chemical added to foods to inhibit spoilage防腐剂=maintain to keep in an existing state; preserve or retain保持
preside over——管理,主管=manage
prestige—— a persons high standing among others; honor or esteem威望;尊重或敬佩=honor
predecessor—— one who precedes another in time, especially in holding an office or a position.前任;an ancestor; a forebear祖先;祖宗=forerunner one that precedes, as in time; a predecessor前任;an ancestor; a forebear祖先;祖宗
predominantly—— most common or conspicuous; main or prevalent最主要的;最普通的=primarily
precede—— to come, exist, or occur before in time.先于…=prior to,before
portion—— a section or quantity within a larger thing; a part of a whole部分=part
possess—— to have as property; own持有;拥有to have as a quality, characteristic, or other attribute具有品质、特点=have
potential——shavingspossibility, capability, or power有可能性的=possible
pertinent——shavingslogical, precise relevance to the matter at hand有关系的=relevant
pit—— a natural or artificial hole or cavity in the ground坑=hole
perception—— the capacity for such insight洞察能力=insightful showing orshavingsinsight; perceptive有洞察力的;有悟性的
penetrate—— to enter or force a way into; pierce.穿过,刺入=go through
patron—— a customer, especially a regular customer顾客=customer
particle—— a very small piece or part; a tiny portion or speck一小份儿或一小点儿=speck a small spot, mark, or discoloration小斑点,小污点或小瑕疵
pants裤子——trousers裤子
rupture—— the process of breaking open or bursting裂开,突然炸开=burst
rural—— of, relating to, or characteristic of the country农村的=country
rudimentary——being in the earliest stages of development; incipient处于发展的最早阶段的=undeveloped, unsophisticated
rotate——to turn around on an axis or center绕轴或中心转动=turn, swirl
to proceed in sequence; take turns or alternate循环,交替或轮换=alternate
robust—— full of health and strength; vigorous健康和有力的=strong
roam—— to move about without purpose or plan; wander漫游=wander
rigidity—— an instance of being rigid僵化,严厉=stiffness
revise—— to reconsider and change or modify修改,修正=change
retrieve—— to get back; regain.重获;收复;=recover, to get back; regain.重获;收复;重新得到=bring back
to rectify the unfavorable consequences of; remedy. see: recover
restrict—— to keep or confine within limits限制=limit
retain—— to maintain possession of保持=keep
representation—— the state or condition of serving as an official delegate, agent, or spokesperson代表=delegate, stand for
resemble—— to exhibit similarity or likeness to类似=similar
renounce—— to reject; disown拒绝=reject to refuse to accept, submit to, believe, or make use of拒绝
replace—— to take or fill the place of取代=supplant to displace and substitute for (another)取代,代替(另一个)
release—— to free from something that binds, fastens, or holds back; let go松开=give off
refreshing—— pleasantly fresh and different新鲜宜人的,与众不同的=unusual
reflection—— a manifestation or result显示,结果=indicate to suggest or demonstrate the necessity, expedience, or advisability of说明,显示,暗示
receptacle—— a container that holds items or matter贮藏器=container
recognize—— to show awareness of; approve of or appreciate赏识=appreciate
rarefy—— to make thin, less compact, or less dense使稀薄=infrequent
rear—— to lift upright; raise直立起;抬高=raise
radical—— departing markedly from the usual or customary; extreme极端的=drastic severe or radical in nature; extreme严厉或剧烈的;极端的
symmetrical—— of or exhibiting symmetry对称的=proportionally balanced
synthetic—— produced by synthesis, especially not of natural origin.合成的=formation, integrate
not natural or genuine; artificial or contrived人造的,不自然的=artificial
sow n. 大母猪
spell vt. 1. 招致,带来; 2. 轮班,换班;替班; 3.符咒,咒语。2.吸引力,诱惑力,魔力,魅力。
spoke n. (车轮的)辐条
spot vt. 认出,发现,定位
spring n. 弹簧;泉水 v. 扭伤(腿)
stand v. 忍受;n. 床头柜
standard n. 直立支柱;灯台;烛台,电杆,垂直的水管(电管)。
start v. (船材、钉等)松动,翘曲,歪,脱落。
stem v. 起源于,起因于,(由…)发生,来自 (from out of)。 correct decisions stem from correct judgments. 正确的决心来自于正确的判断。
still n. 蒸馏锅 v. 蒸馏
strain n. 血统,家世;族,种;【生物学】品系,系;菌株;变种,小种。
subscribe v. 同意、赞成
stroke n. 笔画
temper n. (黏土的)黏度;(灰泥的)稠度;
tender v. 正式提出; tender ones resignation 提出辞呈
till: n. 【地质学;地理学】冰碛土(物)
train: n. scheme, trick ; 敲门,绝技
utter: adj. 完全的,十足的
vessel n. 船,舰;飞船
wage v. 实行,进行,发动(战争等) (on against)
way adv.〔美口〕…得多,远为。★与 above, ahead, behind, below, down, off, out, over, up 等副词、介词连用,以加强语气。 way back 老早以前。 way down upon the river thames 在老远老远的泰晤士河边。 way up 还在上面;好得多。 way out of balance 逆差很大很大。
weather vt.【地质学;地理学】〔常用被动语态〕使风化
well n. 井;vt. 涌出,喷出(up/out/forth)
wind n. 肠气,屁;v. 嗅出,察觉,嗅到猎物的气味(winded/winded);v. (winded/wound) 吹(角笛、喇叭等)。 wind a call 吹哨子(召唤)。v. (wound/wound) 卷绕,缠绕;
perspective 透视画法;观点,方法;前景,远景
prospect 前景,景色;前途;勘探,寻找
appreciate 理解,认识,意识到;欣赏;感激
elaborate v.&adj. 精心制作,详细描述;精心制作的
address v.从事,忙于;n. 演讲
appropriate v. 拨给(资金), 盗用/ adj.合适的
strain n. 血统,品系,菌株;紧张,张力;v.扭伤,拉紧
article n. 物品,商品
intrigue v.&n 激发兴趣;密谋;阴谋
intriguing adj. 激发兴趣的
assume v. 承担,担任;假装;假设
bark n. 树皮;犬吠
bill n.议案,法案;鸟嘴;账单
champion vt. 支持,拥护;n.冠军
aging n.老化,陈酿
complex n. 综合体 adj.复杂的
concern n. 公司(垄断组织“康采恩”就是它的音译)
attribute v.&n 归因于;特征,属性
default n.&v. 不履行;违约;拖欠;默认(值)
drill vt. 钻(孔);训练,操练
exploit v. 开发,利用n. 功绩
fair n. 集市,交易会;adj.公平的,美丽的 adv.公平地,直接地
fairly adv. 相当地,公平地
game n. 猎物,野味;
fashion vt. 形成,塑造 n.时尚,方式
inviting adj. 引人注目的,吸引人的
alternate v.&adj. 交替,轮流; 交替的
alternating adj.交互的,交替的
alternative n.&adj. 可供选择的方案(option);选择性的(optional)
figure n. 人物;体形
hit n. 轰动一时的人物或作品vt. 偶然碰见
find n. 发现(物)
spring v. &n 跃出,触发;弹簧,弹性;泉水
humor n.体液
import v.&n 重要;进口
preserve v.&n. 禁猎区;蜜饯;保护
quality adj. &n 1.优质的;性质,品质
issue v.&n. 流出;出版,发行;问题
jar v.&n 震动;坛子
envision v.想象,预想
literature n. 文献;文学
lot n. 一块地;命运,签
fine adj. 细小的,美好的;v.罚款
minute adj. 微小的,细小的
novel adj. 新颖的
casual 偶然的,随便的
causal 原因的,因果关系的
pound v. 猛击;乱敲
rear v. &n饲养,栽培;后面的
produce n. 产品(尤指农产品))
project v.&n使突出,伸出;放映,投射;方案,工程
relief n. 凸起,浮雕;(痛苦)减轻,安慰
provided conj. 倘若,在…条件下。
save conj. 除了
rent 断口,裂缝
rift 裂缝, 【地质】断裂
pronounced adj. 断然的,显著的
scale v. &n 攀登; 天平,刻度; 鳞;规模,范围;【音】音阶
school n. (鱼)群;学派,流派
genre n. 类型,流派
score n. 【音乐】乐谱;刻痕;得分
screen v. &n 筛,过滤(器);掩蔽,屏风;屏幕
secure v.&adj. 得到;使安全;安全的
acquire 获得
season v. 调味
spot v. &n发现,认出,定位;斑点;场所
stand v. 经受,忍受
wind v. 绕缠
weather 风化,侵蚀
wear v.磨损,销蚀
stem v. &n 滋生,起源于; 茎
temper n. 增效剂;(灰泥的)稠度;脾气,性情
wage v. 实行,发动(战争等) n.工资
托福常用三类表示词汇:
表示机灵的 聪明的 失去力量 耗尽
表示机灵的、聪明的:intelligent、clever、alert、smart、quick-witted、bright、brilliant、intellectual、knowing
表示使失去力量、耗尽:unnerve、enervate、impoverish、unman、emasculate、deplete、drain、exhaust
面对海量的托福单词,读着背、写着背、听着背……
一、黑白循环记忆法
黑白循环记忆法的核心意义是通过对大纲规定的词汇进行分类,找出记忆重点,排除非核心词汇的干扰,通过对不同级别单词的先后记忆,最终达到全部掌握单词的目的。
本记忆法规定,如果考生对某一单词,能说出它的所有汉语意思和用法,那么本单词对他来说就是白词。如果能说出它的部分意思,就把定义为灰词;如果不能够说出它的任何意思和用法,就把她定义为黑词。 记忆的顺序是先记忆灰词,将全部灰词转化为白词。消灭了灰词后,就开始记忆黑词,经过一段时间的记忆,一部分黑词就可能转化为白词,另一部分变成了灰词。在以后的记忆中,黑词不断地变为灰词,灰词不断地变成白词,最终所有词汇都变成白词。这是第一层面上的循环。
另一个层次上的循环是,在记忆灰词和黑词时,可以将单词按一定的标准分组,规定第一天记忆第一组,第二天记忆第二组,第三天记忆第三组,复习第一组,第四天记第四组复习第二组,依次循环,达到边记忆边复习的目的。 这种单词记忆的好处是学习者始终知道自己的学习任务和学习效果。有关黑白词汇的记忆的具体方法,大家可以参看我们的《大学英语词汇黑白记忆法》。
二、词根、词缀记忆法
黑白循环记忆法解决的是四级词汇的宏观记忆方法,而词根词缀记忆法解决的是词汇微观记忆问题。它的特点是充分利用单词的构词规律,通过掌握一组单词的共同词根或词缀,达到成串记忆单词的目的。比如知道 able,abil 的意思是capable 能,就可以知道able,enable,unable,ability,capable等都是和能力和才干有关系的;如果知道act=to do,to drive做,干,驱动那么记忆act,action,actor,actress,active,activity,activate,actual,exact,reactor,interact,transaction等就非常简单了。 知道了part=to separate的意思是分离,分开更可以记住一长串单词: parcel,park,partly,partial,partner,party,participate,participant,particle,particular,apart, apartment,department,compartment,depart,part,partion 。类似的词根还有很多。在这里我们仅举几例,有关大学英语 的词根,词缀记忆的方法,大家可以参看我们的《大学英语词汇词根、词缀记忆法》一书。
advan=forward在前,向前;add=to put to加上;aer=air,space空气,天空,太空;ag=to do,to move,to conduct做,搅动,引导;alter= to change 改变;ampl=large,spacious宽,大;ann,enn=year年;art=skill技艺;cur(e),sur(e)-=care操心,关注,安全,照看,医治;dic,dit=to speak讲,说;form,forma=,format=shape,figure形成,模式。
除了词根以外,英语单词当中还有很多词缀(包括前缀,后缀),这些前缀和后缀在单词当中出现得非常频繁。记住了这些单词的前缀和后缀再加上词根的帮助,记忆单词绝不是一件无序的事情,而是一件有众多规律可循的事情。也就是说,掌握了词根,词缀记忆法之后,我们所记忆的单词量不再是4200个,而可能是1000个左右,甚至可能更少。
这种记忆方法的优点是,可以充分利用单词之间的形式和意义联系,对大量的词汇进行模糊记忆,这里的模糊是指,只要知道某个单词中包含有某个认识的词根或词缀,就可以大致知道该次词的大致意义或词性,从而大大提高阅读理解能力。相应地,在做词汇题或阅读理解中的上下文中词汇题时,也能根据词根、词缀做出正确的判断。
TOEFL考试中,听力、语法、阅读和写作各部分对于词汇的要求各不相同,其中阅读要求的词汇量远远超过其他各科,要在阅读中得到高分和满分,需要的词汇量在95年八月以前的TOEFL考试中大致在13,000到15,000左右,自95年八月的新题型出现后,以往在一句话的环境中考核词汇的方法已经改在文章的上下文中,这样根据丰富的上下文信息可以进行一定的猜测,这样所要求的词汇量有所降低,但也要8,9千词汇左右。若你已通过的大学四、六级考试,你还要差1800个活生生的词汇要背。
TOEFL考试考哪些重点词汇?
考查形式为在文章中选出一个词,要求考生在四个备选答案中做出选择。
数量上:近两年每场考试平均考核词汇题约占总题量50道题的三分之一。
先从词性上看,所考词汇主要是动词,其次是形容词和副词,然后是名词,而词组一套考题中也就是一、两道题而已。
各词性词汇的相对比例为:
动词:形容词/副词:名词:词组=5:3:2:1
就要求考生在学习词汇时,对动词要给予最高程度的重视,实际上TOEFL考试的这种安排是符合中高级英语学习者的学习规律的,毕竟动词是人们对事物最生动最传神的描述。
形容词和副词中主要以形容词为主,它们的表现力也很丰富,也是考生学习的重点;名词中所考核的基本都是人们常在读书看报时见到的,绝不会考像“座头鲸”“一角鲸”之类的极专业化的词汇。词组本来考的就不多,偏难的词组我们几乎看不到。
下面是考试中考核的词汇
动词:
enable = help vary = change
ceased = stopped calculated = determined
afforded = provide anticipated = looked froward to
词组:
apply to = used for thanks to = because of
名词:
consumption = conversion disaster = catastrophe
constituents = components double-purpose = (positive and negative)
形容词:
considerable = much prominent = distinguished
coarser = rougher dense = thick